academic-writing

这段内容是审核时保存的快照。外部来源才是完整且最新的版本。

---
name: academic-writing
description: Academic writing, research methodology, and scholarly communication workflows. Use when writing papers, literature reviews, grant proposals, conducting research, managing citations, preparing for peer review, choosing OA routes under Plan S / 2026 OSTP Nelson Memo, posting preprints, working with persistent identifiers (ORCID, DOI, ROR), assigning CRediT contributor roles, preregistering analyses on OSF / AsPredicted, or disclosing LLM use to journals and funders. Essential for researchers, graduate students, and academics across disciplines.
---

# Academic writing and research methodology

Systematic approaches for scholarly writing, research design, and academic communication.

## Research design fundamentals

### Research question development

```markdown
## Crafting a research question

### The FINER criteria
- **F**easible: Can you actually do this research?
- **I**nteresting: Does it matter to the field?
- **N**ovel: Does it add new knowledge?
- **E**thical: Can it be done ethically?
- **R**elevant: Does it address a real problem?

### Question types
| Type | Purpose | Example |
|------|---------|---------|
| Descriptive | Document phenomena | "What are the characteristics of X?" |
| Comparative | Compare groups/conditions | "How does X differ between groups?" |
| Correlational | Examine relationships | "Is there a relationship between X and Y?" |
| Causal | Establish causation | "Does X cause Y?" |
| Exploratory | Generate hypotheses | "What factors might explain X?" |

### Refining your question
Start broad → Narrow progressively

Draft 1: "How does social media affect politics?"
Draft 2: "How does Twitter use affect political polarization?"
Draft 3: "How does exposure to partisan Twitter accounts affect
         political attitude polarization among US adults?"
Draft 4: "Does increased exposure to ideologically homogeneous Twitter
         feeds increase affective polarization among politically
         engaged US adults aged 18-35?"
```

### Literature review strategy

```markdown
## Systematic literature search

### Database selection by field
- **Multidisciplinary**: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar
- **Social Sciences**: JSTOR, ProQuest, SSRN
- **Communication**: Communication Abstracts, ComAbstracts
- **Health**: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL
- **Education**: ERIC
- **Business**: Business Source Complete

### Search strategy template
1. **Identify key concepts** from research question
2. **Generate synonyms** for each concept
3. **Combine with Boolean operators**

Example for: "social media political polarization"

Concept 1: social media
- OR: Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, "social networking sites",
      "online platforms", "digital media"

Concept 2: political
- OR: partisan, ideological, electoral, civic

Concept 3: polarization
- OR: division, extremism, "attitude change", radicalization

Combined search:
(Twitter OR Facebook OR "social media" OR "social networking")
AND (political OR partisan OR ideological)
AND (polarization OR division OR extremism)

### Inclusion/exclusion criteria
Document your criteria:
- Publication date range: [X to present]
- Languages: [English only / multiple]
- Publication types: [Peer-reviewed only / include preprints]
- Geographic scope: [Global / specific countries]
- Methodologies: [All / specific approaches]

### Managing your search
- Save searches to re-run later
- Export results to reference manager
- Track number of results at each stage
- Document date of each search
```

### Citation management

```python
# Zotero/reference manager integration patterns

# For automated citation workflows
CITATION_STYLES = {
    'apa7': 'American Psychological Association 7th edition',
    'mla9': 'Modern Language Association 9th edition',
    'chicago': 'Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition',
    'harvard': 'Harvard Reference format',
    'ieee': 'IEEE',
    'vancouver': 'Vancouver (medicine)',
}

# BibTeX entry template
BIBTEX_ARTICLE = """
@ar